What commonly causes upper GI bleeds?

Peptic ulcers are a primary cause of upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding due to their location in the stomach and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). These ulcers can erode the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to significant damage and the potential for bleeding. The erosion occurs because of the action of stomach acid and digestive enzymes, which may break down the protective mucosal barrier. When the ulcer becomes deep enough to penetrate blood vessels, it can cause an upper GI bleed that may manifest as hematemesis (vomiting blood) or melena (black, tarry stools).

In addition to peptic ulcers, conditions like esophageal varices and certain other disorders can also cause upper GI bleeding, but peptic ulcers are among the most common causes encountered in clinical practice. This is particularly relevant in patients with conditions that increase gastric acidity or those taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which can exacerbate ulcer formation and lead to bleeding. Therefore, identifying peptic ulcers as a common cause of upper GI bleeds is critical for effective diagnosis and management.