What is the average increase in cardiac output during pregnancy?

During pregnancy, the physiological changes that occur in a woman's body lead to an average increase in cardiac output by approximately 20-40%. This significant increase is necessary due to the demands of the growing fetus and the physiological changes that support maternal health. As the pregnancy progresses, there is an increase in blood volume, heart rate, and stroke volume, all contributing to the enhanced cardiac output.

This increase is vital for ensuring that adequate oxygen and nutrients are delivered to both the mother and the developing fetus. Additionally, the heightened cardiac output helps accommodate the increased metabolic demands placed on the mother's body, as well as prepare for the demands of labor and delivery.

Understanding this adaptation is crucial for healthcare providers, particularly in critical care settings, as it directly impacts the management of maternal and fetal health during pregnancy and delivery.