Which of the following drugs is known to cause cardiac dysrhythmia in calcium channel blocker overdose?

Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that is used primarily in the management of hypertension and angina. In cases of overdose, it can lead to significant cardiovascular effects, including the potential for cardiac dysrhythmias. This is primarily due to its mechanism of action, which is to block calcium entry into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells. When there is an overdose of a calcium channel blocker like amlodipine, it can lead to decreased myocardial contractility, hypotension, and resultant compensatory tachycardia, which can spiral into dysrhythmias as the heart attempts to maintain an adequate cardiac output.

In contrast, the other listed medications do not have a direct association with causing dysrhythmias due to calcium channel blocker overdose. Metoprolol, a beta-blocker, primarily manages heart rate and blood pressure but does not produce the same dysrhythmic effects associated with calcium antagonism found in an overabundance of calcium channel blockers. Digoxin can cause dysrhythmias independently, especially in the presence of electrolyte imbalances, but it is not specifically related to calcium channel blocker toxicity. Furosemide is a loop diuretic, primarily affecting fluid balance and not directly