Which treatment is indicated for beta-blocker overdose?

In cases of beta-blocker overdose, the administration of intravenous glucagon is indicated as it effectively counters the effects of beta-blockade. Glucagon increases heart rate and contractility through its mechanism of action that bypasses the beta-adrenergic receptors, thus overcoming the blockade. This can be particularly beneficial in reversing hypotension and bradycardia that often accompany beta-blocker overdose.

Calcium gluconate is not specifically indicated for beta-blocker overdose; while it can be used in other types of overdoses (such as calcium channel blocker overdoses), it does not effectively address the cardiovascular effects caused by beta-blockers. Dialysis is generally not effective for beta-blocker overdose due to the large volume of distribution and protein binding of these medications. While intravenous norepinephrine can be used to manage hypotension, it does not address the underlying problem caused by beta-blockade and might be less effective if the heart rate remains slow or if the myocardial contractility is depressed. Thus, glucagon is the preferred and more targeted treatment in this scenario.